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I. ONVIF Standards (I) Organizational Structure and Membership of ONVIF 
The organizational structure of ONVIF is divided into three levels. The top level is the steering committee. The steering committee includes technical committees, technical service committees, and exchange committees. Each committee has several working groups. Members of the ONVIF Forum are divided into three levels: Full Members, Contributing Members, and User Members. Full Members has the Steering Committee voting rights, Contributing Members have voting rights other than the Steering Committee, and User Members can only access development tools and forums. Full Members includes AXIS, BOSCH, Canon, Cisco, Hikvision, Honeywell, Huawei, LG, Panasonic, Samsung, Sony, UOB, Siemens, TI, etc. 18 member units. Contributing Members consists of 23 member companies including Hitachi and ZTE. User Members includes 390 member units including Hass, Orientnet, Kodak, and Yushi Technology. Over 80% of IP surveillance products worldwide have achieved support for the ONVIF standard.
　 (II) Analysis of the advantages and characteristics of the ONVIF standard
The ONVIF standard was first established by an industry standard alliance initiated by several major domestic and foreign manufacturers of digital video equipment that realized that the limitations of the existing H.264 standard restricts the development of digital video systems. Its advantage lies in the network video. Information exchange between devices defines a common protocol, including device search, real-time video, audio, metadata, and control information. The multiple possibilities that network video products can provide end-users, integrators, consultants, and manufacturers can easily benefit from it, and get cost-effective, more flexible solutions, market expansion opportunities, and lower risk.
1. More ONVIF compatibility The ONVIF standard is more stringent than the PSIA standard, and the interoperability between products complying with the ONVIF standard is stronger. For example, ONVIF standard network detection is based on WS search as the core to build its device search mechanism, so products that follow the ONVIF standard will not have compatibility issues when searching for devices. The PSIA allows multiple mechanisms such as Zeroconf, UPnP, and Bonjour to perform device searches. Although the flexibility is higher, it also brings difficulties in the compatibility of PSIA products. For example, PSIA cameras that support the Bonjour mechanism cannot connect to UPnP-capable video management systems, although both follow the PSIA standard. For another example, ONVIF's event notification function is based on the WS-Notify architecture. This standard strictly stipulates how a camera should notify the higher layer of an event alert; PSIA only broadly stipulates the format of information and notifications. The introduction of the ONVIF profile strategy has largely solved compatibility issues between products supporting different ONVIF versions.
2. The ONVIF protocol family is more complete and mature. The ONVIF protocol family consists of core specifications, profile specifications, test specification series, conformance process specification series, WSDL, and XML schema specification series. Each specification series consists of multiple specifications. The PSIA protocol family is relatively simple and is divided into system protocol family and domain protocol family. The system protocol suite includes the business model specification, the PSIA common metadata & event model specification, and the PSIA public security model specification. The domain protocol suite includes IP multimedia device specifications, records and content management specifications, video analysis specifications, and PSIA area control specifications. In contrast, the ONVIF specification classification is more reasonable, more complete, and more mature. In December 2011, ONVIF also released a set of testing tools to help member companies confirm whether their products comply with ONVIF specifications. These are the work that other coalitions have not done.
3. The ONVIF camp is strong, with a high market share, and the expanding coverage of ONVIF camps is growing. Compared with PSIA and HDCCTV, both the number of supporters, the popularity of the manufacturers, and the market share are far ahead. Manufacturers cover various security-related fields such as chips, video front-end equipment, storage devices, system platforms, intelligent analysis equipment, access control, and sensor equipment. Under the active promotion of these manufacturers, ONVIF has released the access control system agreement, and will continue to expand the scope of the standard agreement in the future, extending to the scope of anti-theft and firefighting.
Second, PSIA standard 
PSIA (Physical Security Interoperability Alliance) entity security alliance established in August 2008. The goal of the alliance is to create a standardized interface for hardware and software platforms for physical security systems, and to make different security systems based on IP networks compatible. There are also a large number of brands such as Cisco, GE, Honeywell, and Panasonic in the PSIA. Currently, there are nearly 100 kinds of product support. PSIA is an independent, non-profit organization that aims to promote industry standards and information exchange and enable end-users to choose network surveillance equipment more flexibly.
PSIA is an interface that enables standardized communication between video management systems and various networked media devices. The provision of IP camera standards is a very important factor in the expansion and maturity of the network video surveillance market. The PSIA standard adopts a Representational State Transition (REST) ​​architecture. REST is a popular method that has often been adopted in recent years. REST requires only a simple XML parser, and the computational process is relatively simple. As a result, it consumes less resources and the management costs generated by using the REST architecture are very low. Another advantage of REST is that it is human-readable protocol information, so it is easy to integrate when debugging the system. The PSIA standard only needs to access a URL connection when changing PTZ positioning. It only requires a few bytes of resources.
The realization of the PSIA protocol makes the network camera conform to a unified standard and improves the compatibility of the network cameras of different manufacturers under the same system. The device can be identified without installing a driving device. However, the PSIA protocol is not customized, and there are still some issues that need to be perfected. When the network monitoring products have not been applied on a large scale, the entire network monitoring industry has not yet unified standards. It is a very good transition.
Third, HDCCTV standard
HDcctv is a new standard specified in the joint development of high definition Surveillance Systems (HD) applications by several chip and system vendors in 2009. Current members of HDcctv include: Comart, CSST, EverFocus, INFINOVA, Gennum, OVi, and Stretch. Although the standard has been proposed for less than two years, but due to the advantages of its own standards, coupled with more and more manufacturers to join, HDCCTV standard in the current high-definition surveillance industry, it can be said that has gradually begun and open network video interface The forum (ONVIF) and the Physical Security Interoperability Alliance (PSIA) formed a three-way situation.
The HDcctv standard, introduced by the HDcctv Alliance, is a physical electrical interface standard for the transmission of uncompressed, lossless high-definition video signals over coaxial cable, and is the world's only electrical standard for comprehensive HD surveillance video.
This standard is derived from the international standard - SMPTE-292M, which is based on the existing "high-definition serial digital interface" or HD-SDI, using it as the core transmission method, and based on this Changes, additions and deletions, finally formed a standard for video surveillance.
HDcctv is both a technical standard and an alliance organization. According to Todd Rockoff, chairman of the HD cctv International Standards Alliance, HD cctv's standards are constantly evolving and 2.0 versions have been released, including compatibility, the use of XR technology, and technologies based on long-distance transmission. By 2012, related technologies such as two-way voice, digital communications, and coaxial power supply will be added, and its overall availability, coverage, and overall applicability will be further improved. Subsequent HD cctv can also reach a height of 10 million pixels per frame, including 3D images will gradually be taken into account. With the continuous development of the entire HD cctv, there will be more advantages at more levels compared to the original use of compressed IP.
Four, ONVIF, PSIA, HDCCTV three criteria have differences <br> <br> Although the above three criteria are enacted for network monitoring applications, but there are differences among them. HD cctv is a compatibility specification for closed-circuit HD cameras, while PSIA and ONVIF are specifications for IP cameras.
PSIA and ONVIF were also established in 2008, but there are also differences between the two. ONVIF focuses more on IP video surveillance at the beginning of standards development, while PSIA defines standards that apply to all security hardware devices including access control, not just IP video surveillance. However, ONVIF has now released the access control system agreement, and will continue to expand the scope of the standard agreement in the future, extending to the scope of anti-theft and fire protection. Second, the interfaces defined in the device management and control part of the ONVIF specification are provided in the form of Web Services. XML is used as a data description method, SOAP is used to transmit information, and services are defined by WSDL. The PSIA standard adopts the REST architecture. Compared with SOAP, REST is easier to use, simpler to develop, and it only needs to rely on the existing Web infrastructure (supporting REST as long as the client/server supporting HTTP/HTTPS) and learning costs are low. But REST lacks standards and is therefore seen only as an architectural approach. In contrast, SOAP is an industry standard and rules are more rigorous.
V. National Standard GB/T28181 Standard Planning Peaceful City Construction from the Top
On June 1, 2012, the Ministry of Science and Technology promulgated the "Technical Requirements for Information Transmission, Exchange, and Control of Security Guard Video Surveillance Networking Systems" (GB/T28181). The standard for monitoring and networking technology was officially launched, and it received wide attention and participation from industry players.
In recent years, domestic video surveillance applications have developed rapidly. The scale of system access has continued to expand. A large number of platform providers have emerged. The access agreements of platform providers are different. Terminal manufacturers need to provide various platforms for each terminal maintenance. The software version caused a great waste of resources. After large-scale video construction in various regions, provincial-level and national-level accesses were centralized, and the need for large-scale events to control the scene through the video and conduct command and dispatch gradually emerged. However, there was a lack of uniform interoperability agreements between different platforms. Under such an industrial background, GB/T28181 came into being based on the needs of terminal standardization and platform interconnection.
The reason why the GB/T28181 standard has received widespread attention and recognition from industry players is mainly because of its strong advantages and characteristics. After a certain market application test, it meets the actual level of security industry and technology development, and is in line with safety. The actual needs of urban construction, and in line with the interests of most manufacturers. According to Keda Liu Zhiqiang, the predecessor of the new national standard is an industry standard introduced by the Ministry of Industry and is called “GA/T669-2008 City Monitoring and Alarming Networking System Technical Standard†(hereinafter referred to as T669). The contents of the T669 include front-end access and collection, intermediate information transmission, exchange, control, architecture of the entire management platform, identification of the bayonet information, comparison, etc. The main focus is on the entire monitoring system. The protocol is based on SIP. The new national standard focuses on the interconnection and intercommunication between the two systems. The architecture is similar to that of the T669. For non-compliant standards, SIP gateways are used for access. The SIP gateway consists of a control protocol gateway and a media gateway. Compared with T669, the new national standard is more instructive. It also defines examples of detailed signaling procedures and provides examples to avoid the collaborative behavior of the two manufacturers due to misunderstandings, while improving some of the content. , Such as adding video playback and other functions.
Six, GB/T28181 and the three major international standards and industry standards, corporate standards, local standards of docking
With the increasingly perfection of the three major international network monitoring standards and the promulgation and implementation of domestic standards, the interconnection between international standards and domestic standards, and the interface between the new national standard and various industry standards (such as the global eye) and local standards Become a concern of the industry. Well, at present whether the docking between them is unblocked, is there still a problem, and listen to people in the industry.
Among the three major international standards, the ONVIF and PSIA standards stipulate the interconnection and interconnection protocols between network monitoring devices. Therefore, the relationship between the two standards is relatively close to the new national standard. Tianxue Ruida Cao Xuesong analysis shows that ONVIF and PISA are mainly developed for the IP camera network connection, while HD CCTV is a standard defined for a new generation of non-compressed HD video transmission methods, while GB28181 is The standards established by domestic manufacturers for the interconnection of equipment and systems, due to the scope of the agreement definition, the use of different networking methods, must require the conversion between several protocols. Since interconnection and interoperability are not necessarily realistic in the short term, the actual situation is that several types of protocols may coexist for a long time, and many products can support these types of protocols at the same time. Different systems will be connected through corresponding methods under different requirements. It is the same reason that there are many kinds of interfaces on electrical equipment such as televisions and computers. The local standards are also similar. The old standards are still connected according to the original method. The new system can be connected according to the 28181 standard. However, depending on the actual application of various standards, various types of systems will gradually adopt one of the mainstream standards for new construction. The networking of the equipment has gradually brought about the unification.
GB28181 is more of a system level, and vendors can use both to support the docking. The local standards are consistent with the applicable objects of GB28181 and can be docked using the gateway mode. Dahua’s Jiang Tiegang also stated that the ONVIF, PSIA and GB/T28181 protocols are essentially to reduce the difficulty of interconnecting video surveillance equipment. All three protocols are based on IP networks. If you want to connect, you need to have related protocol conversion modules. Just like different water pipes need to be connected, you need a conversion interface in the middle.
GB/T28181 includes not only the cascade between devices, but also the cascade of systems, so it is not inconsistent. If the network camera accesses the NVR through the ONVIF protocol, the NVR accesses the platform through the GB/T28181 standard, or the network camera accesses the platform through the ONVIF protocol. The cascade between the platforms is performed through the GB/T28181 specification. Therefore, ONVIF/PSIA, and GB/T28181 can often play a complementary role, can make the selection of equipment, promotion of a wider range, and better promote the process of safe city network, high-definition.
The three major international standards mainly implement the standardized access of terminal equipment, and GB/T28181 also has terminal standardized access protocols. For terminals and platform providers, they need to be planned in product development, because the three major international standards and the GB28181 standard are Through software implementation, a terminal with such multiple sets of protocols has little pressure on the device itself, and the cost is hardly improved. It is suggested that the terminal can support multiple sets of protocol stacks in the future, and the user can perform protocol selection on the configuration interface. The choice of platform for the protocol can be determined based on the specific application requirements and the user's relevant requirements. The carrier-level platform proposes to develop the multi-stack access mode and provide support for multiple terminal access protocols.
In addition to international standards and national standards, China's current security industry standards include industry standards, corporate standards, and local standards. In general, the national standards are formulated by the State Council's department of standardization administration: industry standards are formulated by the relevant administrative department of the State Council; local standards are formulated by the provincial, autonomous region, and municipality's standardization administrative department; corporate standards are set by the company itself (such as global eye and wide view). , new horizons, etc.)
Interpretation of several major security industry standards
Standards are the topic of network monitoring applications. At present, the ONVIF, PSIA, and HDCCTV standards camps are expanding internationally, the release of the domestic network monitoring standard GB/T28181, and the formulation of some local regulations (such as the latest regulations on the application of digital surveillance systems in cities such as Shanghai and Tianjin). All of them are regulating the healthy and orderly development of the industry and meeting the arrival of the networked, high-definition and digital era. What are the current advantages of these standards? How are the vendors involved? We will compare them in this article.