Grape directional cultivation technology

The so-called grape orientation cultivation is the grape cultivation with the same product specifications, meeting the market needs and technical requirements. Its characteristics are: there are clear quality requirements, pay attention to the commodity; determine the appropriate high-yield indicators, do not blindly pursue high yield; use relatively large-scale cultivation techniques. Requirements and main techniques for directional cultivation of grapes:

First, the requirements of directional cultivation on grape yield and quality

1. Production requirements: According to the principle of “control production, quality assurance”, the rational conditions of the vineyard can be reasonably planned according to the specific conditions of the vineyard, such as variety, age, growth potential, cultivation management conditions, calendar year and previous year's yield quality. Yield. The suitable output per mu is about 1500 kg, and generally should not exceed 2000 kg. The production of high-quality wine grapes needs to be strictly controlled. Many European countries control the production of high-quality wine varieties such as Chardonnay and Cabernet Sauvignon at 5-10 tons/ha. On the basis of moderate yield indicators, we will determine the reasonable plant load, ie the amount of staying buds, retaining tips and remaining fruit, laying the foundation for high quality and high yield.

2. Quality requirements: The requirements for high-quality table grapes are: 1 The ears are neat and uniform, medium-sized; the fruit is fully developed, and the large-grain varieties have a single grain weight of more than 10 grams. 2 The fruit has a typical color of the variety. The red variety has a reddish purple to purple or purple black, black (Rui Bier, black large), and the white variety has a bright yellow-green or milky yellow color. 3 fruit sugar content and sugar to acid ratio. The berry soluble solids generally range from 15% to 18%, the titratable acid content is from 0.5% to 0.7%, and the sugar to acid ratio is from about 25 to about 35. 4 the aromatic substance of the fruit. The rosy variety has a strong special aroma, the European grape varieties are generally lightly fragrant, and the American and European and American hybrids have different degrees of strawberry scent. The quality requirements for wine grapes are higher sugar content and moderate acid content. Different types of wines have different quality requirements for grape raw materials. The sugar content and acid content to be achieved in grape juice should be: 16-19 and 7-11 for brewing sparkling wine, 17-20 and 6-9 (white variety) or 18-22 for table wine. And 5-8 (red variety); brandy 15 and 8-12; strength wine 20 and 5-7; liqueur 22 and 4-7. If you press the refractive sugar meter, you need a higher value. According to the United States, the sugar content of grapes brewed in table wines should be 20%-23% (dry white and pink) or 21%-23% (dry red). This will give 11%-13% alcohol after the fermentation of the grapes. In addition, it needs to contain enough phenolic substances, pigments (red wine) and aromatic substances.

Second, grape directional cultivation technology

1. Choose excellent varieties. Good varieties should have good fruit quality: fresh food seeds, ears and fruit are beautiful in appearance, bright in color, good in flavor and texture, late-maturing varieties have good storage and transportability; wine varieties can accumulate high sugar content The amount and the appropriate amount of acid can produce a certain type of grape wine. In addition, excellent varieties should have good adaptability to local ecological conditions, and can grow well and produce results.

At present, there are many kinds of excellent fresh foods that are cultivated more or more attention. The red varieties are: Jingxiu, Dina, Rizamat, Phoenix No. 51, non-nuclear red, rose scent; Rebec, black granules , red earth and longan. The green varieties are: Jing Zaijing, Jingyu, Nucleus Free, Milk, Seedless White Chicken Heart, Baogar and Italy, etc.; large fruit varieties in European and American hybrids, such as Fujisawa, Jufeng, Jingya, Jingyou and After the peak, etc., the disease resistance is stronger, and it is more suitable for cultivation in high temperature and humid areas.

Fine white wine varieties are: Chardonnay, Yislin, Baiyu Ni, Bai Shinan, Qiongyao pulp, Sowein, Semillon, Riesling and White Feather; fine red wine varieties are: Cabernet Sauvignon, Crystal Lizhu, Beauty Le, French blue, rose, Pinot Noir, Syrah, Jiali and late red honey.

2. Establish vineyards with high standards. The ecological conditions of the grape producing area, including the climate of the region and the microclimate and soil conditions of the specific field, should be suitable for the growth and results of certain varieties. For example, the heat in the growing season should be fully guaranteed, and the summer rainfall is not much or the drainage is smooth, and there are no serious meteorological disasters. In general, hilly mountains are best for growing grapes. In addition, local socio-economic and traffic conditions should be considered to determine the appropriate scale of production. The northern viticulture area, including the vast plains, hills and mountains, is mostly in temperate zone with sufficient light, and the temperature difference between day and night is large, and the grape fruit is of good quality.

3. Standardized plastic trimming technology. The use of suitable frame and tree shape for reasonable winter and summer pruning is extremely important for grape cultivation. In the northern producing areas where the grapes are buried in winter, the hedgerows should be actively promoted, and there should be no trunks and main vines to meet the needs of scientific and standardized pruning techniques. The scaffolding grapes are mostly made of dragon-shaped. The southern grape region that has been exposed to winter has begun to successfully promote various high-drying methods, such as the double-armed dragon shape. In addition to winter pruning, various summer pruning measures need to be implemented in a timely manner. The grape load is reasonably determined by wiping the shoots, so that the limited nutrients of the plants can be concentrated to supply excellent foliage and fruit. Do a good job of fruit picking, secondary shoot management, inflorescence shaping and fruit thinning, maintain a good leaf curtain structure and appropriate leaf-to-fruit ratio, so that plants can make full use of the lighting conditions and maintain the balance of growth and results. Good branch management also facilitates vineyard work.

4. Inflorescence shaping and flower thinning. On the basis of reasonable retention and inflorescence (ears), the appropriate ear weight, fruit weight and fruit number are determined to ensure the full development of the fruit, and the granules are neat and mature. To do this, it is necessary to shape and thin the inflorescence. In the cultivation, the suitable number of fruits of the ear can be calculated according to the characteristics of different varieties and cultivation conditions, according to the planned ear and the average weight of the fruit. For example, if the average weight of the red earth grapes is 500-750 grams and the fruit weight is 11-12 grams, the number of fruit leaves per ear should be 42-46 or 63-68; assuming only about 15 per ear. For the small spikes, when the fruit is thinned, different fruit numbers can be left for each spikelet, and all the fruits are properly arranged. Usually, several spikelets at the base of the ear can leave 5-6 grains, 3-4 grains in the middle, and 1-2 grains in the top (tip tip), so that the whole ear grows into a beautiful conical or conical-column. shape. When leaving the fruit, you can leave room for it, but don't be greedy or soft. Otherwise, the ear and the size of the fruit are not neat, the coloration is poor, the sugar content is low, and the flavor is light.

5. Scientific fertilizer and water management. 1 According to the tree needs balanced fertilization, to avoid blind nitrogen and large fat water. Pay attention to the application of organic fertilizer, control of nitrogen fertilizer, and increase of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. Phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, especially potassium fertilizers, play an important role in improving fruit quality. According to the law of grape nutrient absorption and utilization, the absorption ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is about 1:0.4:1. 2 Take care to ensure that enough water is supplied. During the whole growth and development of the grapes, it is necessary to ensure a certain soil moisture (50%-70% of the soil field water holding capacity), with the most water demand in the berry growing season. Avoid drastic changes in soil moisture in the garden. 3 After the grape enters the fruit ripening period, it needs less water, so pay attention to controlling irrigation. However, at this time, it is often the season with the most precipitation in many areas. It is very important that the drainage of the garden is smooth and rapid. Some vineyards do not pay attention to controlling watering, and even mistakenly use pre-watering as a means of increasing production, which has a great impact on the quality of grapes and wine.

6. Promptly control pests and diseases. Comprehensive control measures should be adopted for grape pests and diseases. Agricultural technical measures include: eradicating the source of the disease, strengthening management, enhancing the tree, maintaining a good leaf curtain structure, timely drainage and weeding. Grapes can also be bagged and umbrellaed to effectively protect the fruit from pests and diseases and further improve its commercial properties. Pay attention to the rational use of pesticides, and match the disease epidemic law and grape phenology. In the northern producing areas, 3-5 wave of Meteorite sulphur mixture is usually sprayed before or after excavation. During the growing period, about 1:0.5-1:160-240 times Bordeaux mixture is sprayed once every half month. In addition, various fungicides such as thiram, methyl thiophanate, carbendazim, ethylphosphorus, dystrophic, mancozeb and other new pesticides should also be used interchangeably.

7. Harvest at the right time. In order to form excellent fruit quality, it is necessary to successfully complete the growth and development of double-shaped berries. For example, rose berry grows for 90-100 days, and it takes about 140-150 days from germination to ripening. The red earth takes about 160-170 days from germination to maturity, and Jingxiu grape takes about 110 days. Only when the grape berry successfully completes its growth and development process and achieves the desired good fruit quality, it is the suitable harvesting period of the grape. To this end, it is necessary to take fruit samples regularly to determine the content of sugar acid and perform sensory evaluation. The aromatic substances of the grapes are mainly accumulated in the late stage of ripening, and the fresh grapes can be harvested in stages. In short, early harvest should be avoided as much as possible to ensure the quality of the grapes and their processed products.

8. Do a good job in grape storage, packaging and marketing. As the grape area and output continue to grow and the market demand for fruit quality increases, it is necessary to improve the storage and transportation of table grapes, further improve the classification and packaging, and vigorously develop the market. By improving the commerciality of the grapes, high economic benefits can be obtained.

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Thanks to the enthusiasm of gardening experts, bless the harvest of farmers friends!